MILLEFIORI
Millefiori is a glasswork technique which produces distinctive decorative patterns on glassware.
The term millefiori is a combination of the Italian words "mille" (thousand) and "fiori" (flowers).
Apsley Pellatt (in his book "Curiosities of Glass Making") was the first to use the term "millefiori", which appeared in the Oxford Dictionary in 1849.
The beads were called mosaic beads before then.
While the use of this technique long precedes the term millefiori, it is now frequently associated with Venetian glassware.
More recently, the millefiori technique has been applied to polymer clays and other materials.
Because polymer clay is quite pliable and does not need to be heated and reheated to fuse it, it is much easier to produce millefiori patterns than with glass.
The manufacture of mosaic beads can be traced to Ancient Roman, Phoenician and Alexandrian times. Canes, probably made in Italy, have been found as far away as 8th century archaeological sites in Ireland,
and millefiori was used in thin slices to brilliant effect in the early 7th century Anglo-Saxon jewellery from Sutton Hoo.
The technical knowledge for creating millefiori was lost by the eighteenth century, and the technique was not revived until the nineteenth century.
Within several years of the technique's rediscovery, factories in Italy, France and England were manufacturing millefiori canes.
They were often incorporated into fine glass art paperweights.
Until the 15th century, Murano glassmakers were only producing drawn Rosetta beads made from mould-made Rosetta canes.
Rosetta beads are made by the layering of a variable number of layers of glass of various colors in a mould, and by pulling the soft glass from both ends until the cane has reached the desired thickness.
It is then cut into short segments for further processing.
Creating Millefiori
The millefiori technique involves the production of glass canes or rods, known as murrine, with multicolored patterns which are viewable only from the cut ends of the cane.
A murrine rod is heated in a furnace, pulled until thin while still maintaining the cross section's design, and then cut into beads or discs when cooled.
MURRINE
Murrine (common pluralization murrini) is an Italian term for colored patterns or images made in a glass cane (long rods of glass) that are revealed when cut in cross-sections.
Murrine can be made in infinite designs—some styles are more familiar, such as millefiore.
Artists working in glass design murrine in a variety of ways from simple circular or square patterns to complex detailed designs to even portraits of people.
Murrine are designed by layering different colors of molten glass around a core, then heating and stretching it into a rod.
When cool, the rod is sliced into cross-sections of desired thickness with each slice possessing the same pattern in cross-section.
The murrine process first appeared in the Mideast more than 4,000 years ago and was revived by Venetian glassmakers on Murano in the early 16th century
